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Paper:

A thin sheet material produced by mechanically and/or chemically processing cellulose fibres is known as Paper. The cellulose fibres are derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water.
Originally paper was made in single sheets by hand. But, now almost all is now made on large machines. This versatile material has many uses, including decorating, writing, cleaning, printing, packaging, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes.

Types of Paper:

There are several types of paper on the market depending on specific applications or the target industry. Each type has specific properties based on composition, production and handling.
The most common papers available on the market are:

Repro paper or printing paper:

It is one of the most common papers available on the market and is manufactured in large quantities. These sheets are made up of small amount of cellulose and a great deal of filler, which facilitates printing.

Coated paper:

Coated paper is manufactured with short fibre. The filler is joined to the fibre by a binding agent, which may be synthetic or natural (normally calcium carbonate). A coated layer is applied to the cellulose, yielding better printing and resolution results.
As the ink remains on the surface, the post-printing result is shinier and more colorful. The most common option is white coated paper. Because the background color is not apparent if the coating cracks.

Tissue paper :

This material is highly absorbent and soft. Its water resistance will depend on the subtype. Paper that are used to manufacture handkerchiefs or napkins must withstand liquids to prevent them from falling apart when used. However, paper used for napkins must dissolve easily. Different treatments are applied during the manufacturing process to o achieve this. They are normally produced with virgin fibre.

Newsprint:

Newsprint paper is used to print newspapers. Its life-cycle is short. So the material quality does not need be high. As the paper does not need to be white, the paper is manufactured with mechanical pulp containing residue. It is rarely colored. If it is the color is applied by means of mass-dying.

Cardboard:

Cardboard is a product made with paper. It is made with raw, unbleached wood pulp as appearance is not a concern. This leads it to maintain its original brown color. It is normally made with recycled material. Cardboard is comprised of three layers of paper, two smooth outer layers and a corrugated inner layer, which provide its characteristic strength. The corrugated layer makes the material strong in terms of mechanical properties. On the other hand it is not suitable for printing, since it may get crushed depending on the pressure applied to it.
Kraft paper is one subgroup inside the cardboards which is made of a single layer of paper. Since it is easy to handle and also to adapt to the specific product to be wrapped, it is used for thinner packing.

Paperboard:

Paperboardis used to make food containers, such as cereal or biscuit packaging. As the inner layer does not need to be white, Paperboards are made of very short fibres which are not usually virgin fibres. It also has a coated layer that serves as a printable surface and also to guarantee the appearance of the external and visible side to make the product attractive to consumers.

Fine art paper:

Fine arts paper have different technical and functional characteristics depending on the artistic technique. This material was invented as a more economical option to canvases. Some of these papers features excellent characteristics and can withstand almost a Century without turning yellow.

Applications of Paper:

• Depending on its intended use, paper can be produced with a wide variety of properties.
• For representing value: paper money, bank note, cheque, security, voucher and ticket
• For storing information: punched card, photographic paper, book, notebook, graph paper
• For personal use: note to remind oneself, diary etc. and for temporary personal use: scratch paper
• For communication: between individuals and/or groups of people: zine, letter, newsprint, magazine, newspaper, art, card stock
• For packaging: paper bag, envelope, wrapping paper, corrugated box, Paper string, Charta emporetica and wallpaper
• For cleaning: handkerchiefs, paper towels, toilet paper, facial tissue and cat litter
• For construction: paper planes, quilling, paper honeycomb, origami paper, used as a core material in composite materials, paper engineering, construction paper and paper clothing
• For other uses: blotting paper, litmus paper, universal indicator paper, emery paper, sandpaper, paper chromatography, electrical insulation paper (see also fishpaper, dielectric and permittivity) and filter paper.